endoCannabinoidReceptors

The present review synthetically describes the currently advanced hypotheses for a neurobiological basis of depression, ranging from the classical monoaminergic to the more recent neurotrophic hypothesis. Moreover, the Authors review the available preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting a possible role for the endocannabinoid system in the physiopathology of depression. Indeed, in spite of the reporting of conflicting results, the pharmacological enhancement of endocannabinoid activity at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor level appears to exert an antidepressant-like effect in some animal models of depression. On the contrary, a reduced activity of the endogenous cannabinoid system seems to be associated with the animal model of depression, namely the chronic mild stress model. Moreover, a few studies have reported an interaction of antidepressants with the endocannabinoid system. With regard to clinical studies, several authors have reported an alteration of endocannabinoid serum levels in depression, while post mortem studies have demonstrated increased levels of endocannabinoids associated to a concomitant hyperactivity of CB1 receptor in the prefrontal cortex of suicide victims. No clinical trials carried out using cannabinoids in the treatment of affective disorders have been published to date, although anecdotal reports have described both antidepressant and antimanic properties of cannabis as well as the ability of cannabis to induce mania that has also been documented. These findings are discussed, leading us to conclude that, although data available are sufficient to suggest a possible involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the neurobiology of depression, additional studies should be performed in order to better elucidate the role of this system in the physiopathology of depression.

© 2007 Serra and Fratta; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

marijuanaDEA

The DEA Position On Marijuana - 420 Magazine
http://www.420magazine.com/forums/cannabis-facts-information/72887-dea-position-marijuana.html

Smoked Marijuana is Not Medicine

Marijuana is Dangerous to the User and Others

Marijuana as a Precursor to Other Drugs

there's much more... click the link, but be warned, 420 Magazine is a Marijuana Advocacy site.

---

metaSearch

Dogpile-Metasearch 101: "Metasearch searches multiple engines - this means that instead of getting the best results one search engine has to offer, you'll be getting the best combined results from a variety of engines, and not just any engines, but industry leading engines like Google, Yahoo! Search, Live Search, Ask.com, About, MIVA, LookSmart and more.

Who knew one search engine could do so much? We did. In fact, we just recently published a study about how little search results overlap across the various search engines (less than 1%!) and how metasearch provides a better Web search experience. Click here for full study. Don't take our word for it. Dopgile was recently ranked highest in customer satisfaction by J.D. Powers and Associates *

Metasearch is easy to use - Better results and more coverage of the Web is great - but not if you need an advanced degree to make it work. Dogpile metasearch is easy. All you do is enter your search and click 'Search'. The great results will take care of themselves!

Search more engines, get the best results from more of the Web and do it all easily. That's what metasearch is all about!

Learn more about Dogpile Tricks Of The Trade and how to Focus Your Search With Dogpile."

they&Them

Satan


edit, revision, and discussion welcome

Evil Wrong Deception Liar Perversion Corruption Mutation Conversion Temptation Destruction Death - Dogpile Web Search

THE REST ARE JUST PAWNS